Every academic discipline has an origin story complicit with white supremacy. Racial hierarchy and colonialism structured the very foundations of most disciplines’ research and teaching paradigms. In the early twentieth century, the academy faced rising opposition and correction, evident in the intervention of scholars including W. E. B. Du Bois, Zora Neale Hurston, Carter G. Woodson, and others. By the mid-twentieth century, education itself became a center in the struggle for social justice. Scholars mounted insurgent efforts to discredit some of the most odious intellectual defenses of white supremacy in academia, but the disciplines and their keepers remained unwilling to interrogate many of the racist foundations of their fields, instead embracing a framework of racial colorblindness as their default position.
This book challenges scholars and students to see race again. Examining the racial histories and colorblindness in fields as diverse as social psychology, the law, musicology, literary studies, sociology, and gender studies, Seeing Race Again documents the profoundly contradictory role of the academy in constructing, naturalizing, and reproducing racial hierarchy. It shows how colorblindness compromises the capacity of disciplines to effectively respond to the wide set of contemporary political, economic, and social crises marking public life today.
ביקורת
"Edited by some of the leading race studies scholars—Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz—this collection of essays clearly outlines how the history of contemporary knowledge production and scholarship has a foundation in racially biased disciplinary frameworks, research methodologies, and pedagogical strategies. . . . these essays serve as a guide for all academics." ― CHOICE
מתוך דש הספר
“A powerful compendium on the discourse of colorblindness shaping American society, which forcefully demonstrates that it is not a change of heart but an epistemic shift in a long racial project. Seeing Race Again assembles an impressive array of scholars from diverse academic locations who represent leading and emergent voices in the study of race.”—Roderick A. Ferguson, author of The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference
“Structural white domination shapes social cognition not merely at the individual level but within the supposedly objective academy. But yesterday’s overt racism in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and legal theory is no longer acceptable in a post-civil rights epoch—hence, the shift toward today’s ‘colorblindness.’ This trailblazing and courageous text exposes the ongoing illicit white advantage concealed beneath the pretense of racial neutrality.”—Charles W. Mills, author of Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism
“ Seeing Race Again offers astute cross-disciplinary analysis of the ideology of colorblindness as a mechanism for perpetuating white supremacy. It also provides a crucial analytical frame for countering it. Valuably recognizing the importance of its project to racial-justice efforts in broader society, Seeing Race Again takes an intellectually pioneering look at the role that the ‘knowledge-production’ industry plays in producing, as well as reproducing, racial hierarchy in academic disciplines as varied as law, history, sociology, psychology, education, and musicology.”— Kimberly West-Faulcon, Professor of Law and James P. Bradley Chair in Constitutional Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
“ Seeing Race Again is an unprecedented collection that examines the longstanding complicities between the American academy and the settler, colonial, and racialized society that it shaped and continues to advantage. With essays from leading lights in their fields, this anthology breaks new ground by revealing how the major disciplines of modern thought promote ‘race-blind’ and ‘post-racial’ methods and values that both advance and obscure past and present patterns of white supremacy, racial impoverishment, disenfranchisement, and the wholesale violations of life at the center of American society. In this moment of racial emergency when Muslim bans are repackaged by the law as mere ‘travel bans,’ Seeing Race Again explains not only how we got here as scholars and intellectuals but also how we might repurpose our disciplines for genuinely emancipatory ends.”— Chandan Reddy, author of Freedom with Violence: Race, Sexuality, and the U.S. State
מתוך גב הספר
“A powerful compendium on the discourse of colorblindness shaping American society, which forcefully demonstrates that it is not a change of heart but an epistemic shift in a long racial project. Seeing Race Again assembles an impressive array of scholars from diverse academic locations who represent leading and emergent voices in the study of race.”—Roderick A. Ferguson, author of The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference
“Structural white domination shapes social cognition not merely at the individual level but within the supposedly objective academy. But yesterday’s overt racism in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and legal theory is no longer acceptable in a post-civil rights epoch—hence, the shift toward today’s ‘colorblindness.’ This trailblazing and courageous text exposes the ongoing illicit white advantage concealed beneath the pretense of racial neutrality.”—Charles W. Mills, author of Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism
“ Seeing Race Again offers astute cross-disciplinary analysis of the ideology of colorblindness as a mechanism for perpetuating white supremacy. It also provides a crucial analytical frame for countering it. Valuably recognizing the importance of its project to racial-justice efforts in broader society, Seeing Race Again takes an intellectually pioneering look at the role that the ‘knowledge-production’ industry plays in producing, as well as reproducing, racial hierarchy in academic disciplines as varied as law, history, sociology, psychology, education, and musicology.”— Kimberly West-Faulcon, Professor of Law and James P. Bradley Chair in Constitutional Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
“ Seeing Race Again is an unprecedented collection that examines the longstanding complicities between the American academy and the settler, colonial, and racialized society that it shaped and continues to advantage. With essays from leading lights in their fields, this anthology breaks new ground by revealing how the major disciplines of modern thought promote ‘race-blind’ and ‘post-racial’ methods and values that both advance and obscure past and present patterns of white supremacy, racial impoverishment, disenfranchisement, and the wholesale violations of life at the center of American society. In this moment of racial emergency when Muslim bans are repackaged by the law as mere ‘travel bans,’ Seeing Race Again explains not only how we got here as scholars and intellectuals but also how we might repurpose our disciplines for genuinely emancipatory ends.”— Chandan Reddy, author of Freedom with Violence: Race, Sexuality, and the U.S. State
על המחבר
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw is Professor of Law at University of California, Los Angeles, and Columbia University.
Luke Charles Harris is Associate Professor of Political Science at Vassar College.
Daniel Martinez HoSang is Associate Professor of American Studies and Ethnicity, Race, and Migration at Yale University.
George Lipsitz is Professor of Sociology and Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Preface and Acknowledgments: Praying to the Disciplinary Gods with One Eye Open Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, 1 • Introduction Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, PART ONE: MASKS, 2 • The Sounds of Silence: How Race Neutrality Preserves White Supremacy George Lipsitz, 3 • Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, 4 • Masking Legitimized Racism: Indigeneity, Colorblindness, and the Sociology of Race Dwanna L. McKay, 5 • On the Transportability, Malleability, and Longevity of Colorblindness: Reproducing White Supremacy in Brazil and South Africa Marzia Milazzo, 6 • How Colorblindness Flourished in the Age of Obama Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, PART TWO: MOVES, 7 • The Possessive Investment in Classical Music: Confronting Legacies of White Supremacy in U.S. Schools and Departments of Music Loren Kajikawa, 8 • Powerblind Intersectionality: Feminist Revanchism and Inclusion as a One-Way Street Barbara Tomlinson, 9 • Colorblind Intersectionality Devon W. Carbado, 10 • Causality, Context, and Colorblindness: Equal Educational Opportunity and the Politics of Racist Disavowal Leah N. Gordon, 11 • Affirmative Action as Equalizing Opportunity: Challenging the Myth of "Preferential Treatment" Luke Charles Harris and Uma Narayan, PART THREE: RESISTANCE AND TRANSFORMATION, 12 • They (Color) Blinded Me with Science: Counteracting Coloniality of Knowledge in Hegemonic Psychology Glenn Adams and Phia S. Salter, 13 • Toward a New Research Agenda? Foucault, Whiteness, and Indigenous Sovereignty Aileen Moreton-Robinson, 14 • Why Black Lives Matter in the Humanities Felice Blake, 15 • Negotiating Privileged Students' Affective Resistances: Why a Pedagogy of Emotional Engagement Is Necessary Paula Ioanide, 16 • Shifting Frames: Pedagogical Interventions in Colorblind Teaching Practice Milton Reynolds, List of Contributors, Index,
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz
The essays in this volume reflect and engage the profoundly contradictory role of the university in constructing, naturalizing, and reproducing racial stratification and domination. Stretching from the racially specific projects of the past to the colorblind conventions of academic performance today, leading scholars in the social sciences, law, and humanities reveal in this book how disciplinary frameworks, research methodologies, and pedagogical strategies have both facilitated and obscured the social reproduction of racial hierarchy. The indictment of the knowledge-producing industry contained in these pages uncovers the chapters of racial history that remain undisturbed behind the walls of disciplinary convention and colorblind ideology. At the same time, the conditions of possibility out of which these essays were produced situate the university as a site in which antiracist projects can be seeded and developed. The disciplines not only produce racial power and inhibit racial knowledge, they also offer discursive tools and analytic moves that, properly contextualized, enable and enhance the telling of race and the reimagination of racial justice. In grappling with this duality, this collection embodies the twin objectives of the Countering Colorblindness project: to unpack and disrupt the racial foundations of the disciplines, and to aggregate and repurpose disciplinary insights into an alternative understanding of the social world.
This volume amplifies the methods and challenges that are foundational to critical race projects that interrogate the epistemic parameters of racial power in order to enable emancipatory possibilities both within the academy and in the social world beyond. Countering Colorblindness transcends the institutional and discursive boundaries that contain racial knowledge in multiple ways. The project is first and foremost transdisciplinary. The story it tells about the foundations of racial hierarchy and its contemporary disavowals across the university — in particular the traveling and uptake of particular orientations toward race between disciplines — can only become fully legible through the aggregated sum of its disciplinary parts. One cannot, for example, understand the narrowed ways in which racism has come to be imagined within law as the bigotry of specific individuals without engaging similar containments within sociology, social psychology, and the like.
Countering Colorblindness, however, transcends not only boundaries within the university, but boundaries between the university and civil society more broadly. The contemporary social conditions shaped by histories of white supremacy — education, health, criminal justice, employment, housing — are linked to the construction and disavowal of race within the academic disciplines themselves. Most institutions are now formally organized around the untested assumption that colorblindness is the exclusive measure of a fair and just organizational practice, an assumption that is predicated on and enabled by the privileging of colorblind solutions to color-bound problems within scholarly disciplines. Questions of racial discrimination, inequity, and injustice are typically framed as problematic only to the extent that the troubling conditions can be attributed to contraventions against the colorblind ideal. This resort to colorblindness is not solely an institutional-level response. As Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's work has long documented, individuals now defend themselves against the slightest intimation that their preferences or decisions might be racially inflected with the all-purpose disclaimer that they neither see race nor take it into account.
As a political project, colorblindness derives from a seeming naturalness and inevitability. It resonates with time-honored practices and ideals in Western thought and social relations. A long history of artistic expression and humanities scholarship has grounded aspirations for social justice in the elision of difference. The market subject of classical capitalist theory, the citizen subject of liberalism — and even the universal worker of Marxism and the universal woman of feminism — all rest upon an ideal of interchangeability wherein differences are said not to matter. These traditions teach that similarity should trump difference; that beneath the surface the appearance of "otherness" masks a common human condition.
Although many humane and egalitarian projects in history have been based on humanist concepts of liberal interchangeability, contemporary scholars have raised questions about the dangers of ignoring fundamental differences, particularly distinctions linked to social position, vulnerability, and power. While conceding that all of our fates are linked and acknowledging the sordid histories of parochial particularism, these scholars contend that some important differences do not disappear simply by affirming sameness. Furthermore, the identities celebrated as universal by the standards of humanism and liberalism are almost always actually dominant particulars masquerading as universals. Indeed, the abstract assertions of human interchangeability in law, economics, and politics tend to serve as mechanisms for occluding the seemingly endless differentiations, inequalities, and injustices of existing social relations.
In postulating a common human experience, many great traditions in art, law, and politics celebrate the symbolic transcendence of difference without offering or even suggesting the need for access to equitable opportunities or conditions. In these settings, differences become contaminated with a menacing otherness, an otherness that threatens the promise of an ideal egalitarian future. People with problems thus become identified as problems; and the members of groups who object to social inequality then become castigated for calling attention to differences that matter in their lives.
These perspectives make colorblindness seem a laudable goal. They make it appear as though the solution to vexing problems of difference is to simply stop acknowledging such differences. In this way, they cover over embodied inequalities with a disembodied universalism. Perhaps most importantly, they locate questions of social justice in a stark choice between egalitarian universalism on the one hand and a putatively parochial and prejudiced particularism on the other.
Against this deep philosophical background, today's colorblindness easily trumps race-conscious interventions as more appealing and ultimately morally just. As a consequence, efforts to sustain investment in race-conscious research and policy face an uphill battle. A telling example of the malaise that exists in social justice discourse can be found in the ineffective efforts of social justice advocates to push back against colorblindness with concepts and strategies that are at best anachronistic. Moreover, much of the policy that is the object of policy debates bows to the colorblind imperative in the final analysis. As the legal scholar Mark Golub explains, "Anti-racist criticism too often has been defined by the object of its critique, and so offers inadequate tools for resisting it. Even when it is rejected, that is, color-blindness discourse sets the terms of debate, defines normative goals, and limits the scope of legitimacy for alternative formulations of racial justice." In his exemplary research, however, Golub deploys careful, critical, and detailed analyses of landmark Supreme Court cases to reveal how the ideal of colorblindness as the default position for social justice actually functions as a color-conscious tool crafted to protect white preferences and privileges.
As colorblindness becomes increasingly entrenched as the common denominator in efforts to deny and transcend racial power, the parameters of racial discourse between the university and the general public reveal an interdependent relationship that is far closer than scholars often acknowledge. Colorblindness operates as the default intellectual and ethical position for racial justice in many corners of the academy and in public policy, imposing profound limitations on scholars, students, and the wider public. The compromised capacity of disciplines to respond effectively to the wide set of political, economic, and social problems that mark public life today demand new strategies that situate a critical understanding of race and racism at the center of knowledge production and public engagement.
Despite colorblindness's appearance as a commonsense value and practice, it is an idea sustained more by the repetition of its use and by the power of those who invoke it than by a firm basis in reality, research, theory, or for that matter, the Constitution. Indeed, scholars from a variety of disciplines have produced powerful studies that contest its viability as a definitive determinant of social justice. This research disproves some of the central claims made for colorblindness, and casts considerable doubt about how a future wrapped around this ideal will unfold.
Yet even apart from this research, colorblindness at the most basic level mobilizes a metaphor of visual impairment to embrace a simplistic and misleading affirmation of racial egalitarianism. Its emphasis on color imagines racism to be an individualistic aversion to another person's pigment rather than a systemic skewing of opportunities, resources, and life chances along racial lines. The blindness part of the metaphor presumes that visually impaired people are incapable of racial recognition and that recognition itself is the problem that racism presents. Yet as the research of Osagie K. Obasogie establishes, visually impaired people hold the same understandings of race that sighted people possess. They are neither more nor less likely to engage in racist judgments. Moreover, visually impaired people who are white enjoy the unfair gains, unjust enrichments, and unearned status of whiteness, while those who are people of color experience the artificial, arbitrary, and irrational impediments caused by racism and social prejudices against disability. Not only must the logic and salience of colorblindness as a metaphor be rejected, but so must the presumptions about normativity and disability that underwrite it.
Given the slender reed upon which the weighty denial of racial power rests, one might think that a powerful antidote to the widespread use of colorblindness might arise fully activated from the knowledge-producing industry. But despite the depth of scholarly understanding about the inadequacies of colorblindness as a theory, policy, cognitive possibility, or constitutional principle, this canon has gained little traction in efforts to draw attention to the racist realities that the colorblind perspective works to obscure. Consequently, the wealth of information produced in the academy pertaining to race — historical, economic, sociological, psychological, literary, and legal — has yet to converge into a coherent commonsense understanding of the world that we live in. Indeed, far from countering colorblindness, the prevailing practices around which privileged knowledge is produced and authorized operate to enhance the stabilizing dimensions of colorblind discourse. Thus, countering colorblindness requires an interrogation into the disciplinary, cultural, and historical dynamics that sustain a disaggregated, partial, and parochial knowledge base about one of the most vexing societal problems of our time.
The failure of the disciplines to produce a collective accounting of the realities of race in contemporary society occludes the more fundamental indictment upon which countering colorblindness rests. Behind the colorblind façade of the existing disciplines is the historical role that knowledge production has played in creating and fortifying racial projects ranging from slavery and segregation to imperialism and genocide. Historically situated against this backdrop, colorblindness thus becomes a series of moves and investments that conceal the fingerprints of the university in constructing the very conditions that colorblind frameworks refuse to name.
SEEING AND UNSEEING RACE IN THE ACADEMY
Every established discipline in the academy has an origin that entails engagement and complicity with white supremacy. In the age of conquest, colonization, Indigenous dispossession, and empire, Europeans' vexed confrontations with peoples from Africa, Asia, and Latin America whom they perceived to be "other" gave rise to anthropology's interest in "primitive" civilizations and geography's impetus to map the world. Scholars of philosophy, history, sociology, political science, and economics turned to biology in explaining how and why European empires came to dominate the world, attributing that dominance to evolution and "the survival of the fittest" instead of systematically investigating the brutality of conquest and the cruelties of expropriation and exploitation. Invocations of biological difference imbued racism with a seemingly scientific inevitability, positioning whites as the winners in a fair struggle while displacing people of color from the realm of history and positioning them in the domain of nature. This displacement provided the organizing logic for the seemingly endless depictions of monstrous uncivilized primitives in Euro-American literature, painting, theater, and film.
The social sciences took form as nomothetic enterprises committed to discovering general scientific laws governing social structure and organization. This search for general laws through discrete and particular methods of study tended to disaggregate the unified totality of social relations into detached and disconnected practices. The binary opposition between race and class, for example, presumes a racial system that is not classed and a class system that is not raced. Moreover, this search for "universal" principles in sociology, political science, history, and economics was conducted almost exclusively in just five nations — Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, and the United States — and the practices dominant in those places were judged to be applicable to all of humanity. The search for a putatively authentic human culture in populations presumed to be previously untouched by European contact led ethnographers to position the Indigenous and colonized people they studied in Africa, Asia, and the Americas as "people without history" rather than coinhabitants of the modern world. This denial positioned Europe as the center of modern progress while viewing inhabitants of the global south as premodern and therefore rationally and ontologically deficient. Political science and sociology came into being as managerial sciences promising to promote the efficient and orderly administration of nations and empires while providing mechanisms for controlling the social discontent and discord that they attributed to people characterized as different, deviant, delinquent, defective, or dependent.
For example, Robert Vitalis demonstrates that the formation of International Relations as a scholarly field in the early twentieth century was intimately tied to U.S. expansion and imperialism. Columbia's John Burgess, considered one of the founders of the field, stated plainly that "American Indians, Asiatics and Africans cannot properly form any active, directive part of the political population which shall be able to produce modern political institutions." After the U.S. military helped to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy in 1894, the new provisional government appealed to Burgess seeking his counsel in establishing a new "republican government." Burgess replied: "I understand your problem to be the construction of a constitution which will place the government in the hands of the Teutons, and preserve it there, at least for the present." Burgess then offered a series of recommendations related to representation and voting requirements in order to sustain white rule in Hawaii. Perhaps not surprisingly, the discipline's first scholarly journal was titled the Journal of Race Development. Published continuously since 1910, it was renamed Foreign Affairs in 1922, the title it carries today. Academics like Burgess and many of his contemporaries, including historian Lothrop Stoddard and naturalist Madison Grant, played central roles in elaborating the white supremacist commitments of U.S. immigration and foreign policy across the twentieth century.
Description:
Every academic discipline has an origin story complicit with white supremacy. Racial hierarchy and colonialism structured the very foundations of most disciplines’ research and teaching paradigms. In the early twentieth century, the academy faced rising opposition and correction, evident in the intervention of scholars including W. E. B. Du Bois, Zora Neale Hurston, Carter G. Woodson, and others. By the mid-twentieth century, education itself became a center in the struggle for social justice. Scholars mounted insurgent efforts to discredit some of the most odious intellectual defenses of white supremacy in academia, but the disciplines and their keepers remained unwilling to interrogate many of the racist foundations of their fields, instead embracing a framework of racial colorblindness as their default position.
This book challenges scholars and students to see race again. Examining the racial histories and colorblindness in fields as diverse as social psychology, the law, musicology, literary studies, sociology, and gender studies, Seeing Race Again documents the profoundly contradictory role of the academy in constructing, naturalizing, and reproducing racial hierarchy. It shows how colorblindness compromises the capacity of disciplines to effectively respond to the wide set of contemporary political, economic, and social crises marking public life today.
ביקורת
"Edited by some of the leading race studies scholars—Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz—this collection of essays clearly outlines how the history of contemporary knowledge production and scholarship has a foundation in racially biased disciplinary frameworks, research methodologies, and pedagogical strategies. . . . these essays serve as a guide for all academics." ― CHOICE
מתוך דש הספר
“A powerful compendium on the discourse of colorblindness shaping American society, which forcefully demonstrates that it is not a change of heart but an epistemic shift in a long racial project. Seeing Race Again assembles an impressive array of scholars from diverse academic locations who represent leading and emergent voices in the study of race.”—Roderick A. Ferguson, author of The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference
“Structural white domination shapes social cognition not merely at the individual level but within the supposedly objective academy. But yesterday’s overt racism in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and legal theory is no longer acceptable in a post-civil rights epoch—hence, the shift toward today’s ‘colorblindness.’ This trailblazing and courageous text exposes the ongoing illicit white advantage concealed beneath the pretense of racial neutrality.”—Charles W. Mills, author of Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism
“ Seeing Race Again offers astute cross-disciplinary analysis of the ideology of colorblindness as a mechanism for perpetuating white supremacy. It also provides a crucial analytical frame for countering it. Valuably recognizing the importance of its project to racial-justice efforts in broader society, Seeing Race Again takes an intellectually pioneering look at the role that the ‘knowledge-production’ industry plays in producing, as well as reproducing, racial hierarchy in academic disciplines as varied as law, history, sociology, psychology, education, and musicology.”— Kimberly West-Faulcon, Professor of Law and James P. Bradley Chair in Constitutional Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
“ Seeing Race Again is an unprecedented collection that examines the longstanding complicities between the American academy and the settler, colonial, and racialized society that it shaped and continues to advantage. With essays from leading lights in their fields, this anthology breaks new ground by revealing how the major disciplines of modern thought promote ‘race-blind’ and ‘post-racial’ methods and values that both advance and obscure past and present patterns of white supremacy, racial impoverishment, disenfranchisement, and the wholesale violations of life at the center of American society. In this moment of racial emergency when Muslim bans are repackaged by the law as mere ‘travel bans,’ Seeing Race Again explains not only how we got here as scholars and intellectuals but also how we might repurpose our disciplines for genuinely emancipatory ends.”— Chandan Reddy, author of Freedom with Violence: Race, Sexuality, and the U.S. State
מתוך גב הספר
“A powerful compendium on the discourse of colorblindness shaping American society, which forcefully demonstrates that it is not a change of heart but an epistemic shift in a long racial project. Seeing Race Again assembles an impressive array of scholars from diverse academic locations who represent leading and emergent voices in the study of race.”—Roderick A. Ferguson, author of The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference
“Structural white domination shapes social cognition not merely at the individual level but within the supposedly objective academy. But yesterday’s overt racism in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and legal theory is no longer acceptable in a post-civil rights epoch—hence, the shift toward today’s ‘colorblindness.’ This trailblazing and courageous text exposes the ongoing illicit white advantage concealed beneath the pretense of racial neutrality.”—Charles W. Mills, author of Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism
“ Seeing Race Again offers astute cross-disciplinary analysis of the ideology of colorblindness as a mechanism for perpetuating white supremacy. It also provides a crucial analytical frame for countering it. Valuably recognizing the importance of its project to racial-justice efforts in broader society, Seeing Race Again takes an intellectually pioneering look at the role that the ‘knowledge-production’ industry plays in producing, as well as reproducing, racial hierarchy in academic disciplines as varied as law, history, sociology, psychology, education, and musicology.”— Kimberly West-Faulcon, Professor of Law and James P. Bradley Chair in Constitutional Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
“ Seeing Race Again is an unprecedented collection that examines the longstanding complicities between the American academy and the settler, colonial, and racialized society that it shaped and continues to advantage. With essays from leading lights in their fields, this anthology breaks new ground by revealing how the major disciplines of modern thought promote ‘race-blind’ and ‘post-racial’ methods and values that both advance and obscure past and present patterns of white supremacy, racial impoverishment, disenfranchisement, and the wholesale violations of life at the center of American society. In this moment of racial emergency when Muslim bans are repackaged by the law as mere ‘travel bans,’ Seeing Race Again explains not only how we got here as scholars and intellectuals but also how we might repurpose our disciplines for genuinely emancipatory ends.”— Chandan Reddy, author of Freedom with Violence: Race, Sexuality, and the U.S. State
על המחבר
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw is Professor of Law at University of California, Los Angeles, and Columbia University.
Luke Charles Harris is Associate Professor of Political Science at Vassar College.
Daniel Martinez HoSang is Associate Professor of American Studies and Ethnicity, Race, and Migration at Yale University.
George Lipsitz is Professor of Sociology and Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
מובאה. © הדפסה מחודשת באישור. כל הזכויות שמורות.
Seeing Race Again
Countering Colorblindness Across The Disciplines
By Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez Hosang, George Lipsitz
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Copyright © 2019 The Regents of the University of California
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-520-30097-2
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments: Praying to the Disciplinary Gods with One Eye Open Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz,
1 • Introduction Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz,
PART ONE: MASKS,
2 • The Sounds of Silence: How Race Neutrality Preserves White Supremacy George Lipsitz,
3 • Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw,
4 • Masking Legitimized Racism: Indigeneity, Colorblindness, and the Sociology of Race Dwanna L. McKay,
5 • On the Transportability, Malleability, and Longevity of Colorblindness: Reproducing White Supremacy in Brazil and South Africa Marzia Milazzo,
6 • How Colorblindness Flourished in the Age of Obama Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw,
PART TWO: MOVES,
7 • The Possessive Investment in Classical Music: Confronting Legacies of White Supremacy in U.S. Schools and Departments of Music Loren Kajikawa,
8 • Powerblind Intersectionality: Feminist Revanchism and Inclusion as a One-Way Street Barbara Tomlinson,
9 • Colorblind Intersectionality Devon W. Carbado,
10 • Causality, Context, and Colorblindness: Equal Educational Opportunity and the Politics of Racist Disavowal Leah N. Gordon,
11 • Affirmative Action as Equalizing Opportunity: Challenging the Myth of "Preferential Treatment" Luke Charles Harris and Uma Narayan,
PART THREE: RESISTANCE AND TRANSFORMATION,
12 • They (Color) Blinded Me with Science: Counteracting Coloniality of Knowledge in Hegemonic Psychology Glenn Adams and Phia S. Salter,
13 • Toward a New Research Agenda? Foucault, Whiteness, and Indigenous Sovereignty Aileen Moreton-Robinson,
14 • Why Black Lives Matter in the Humanities Felice Blake,
15 • Negotiating Privileged Students' Affective Resistances: Why a Pedagogy of Emotional Engagement Is Necessary Paula Ioanide,
16 • Shifting Frames: Pedagogical Interventions in Colorblind Teaching Practice Milton Reynolds,
List of Contributors,
Index,
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz
The essays in this volume reflect and engage the profoundly contradictory role of the university in constructing, naturalizing, and reproducing racial stratification and domination. Stretching from the racially specific projects of the past to the colorblind conventions of academic performance today, leading scholars in the social sciences, law, and humanities reveal in this book how disciplinary frameworks, research methodologies, and pedagogical strategies have both facilitated and obscured the social reproduction of racial hierarchy. The indictment of the knowledge-producing industry contained in these pages uncovers the chapters of racial history that remain undisturbed behind the walls of disciplinary convention and colorblind ideology. At the same time, the conditions of possibility out of which these essays were produced situate the university as a site in which antiracist projects can be seeded and developed. The disciplines not only produce racial power and inhibit racial knowledge, they also offer discursive tools and analytic moves that, properly contextualized, enable and enhance the telling of race and the reimagination of racial justice. In grappling with this duality, this collection embodies the twin objectives of the Countering Colorblindness project: to unpack and disrupt the racial foundations of the disciplines, and to aggregate and repurpose disciplinary insights into an alternative understanding of the social world.
This volume amplifies the methods and challenges that are foundational to critical race projects that interrogate the epistemic parameters of racial power in order to enable emancipatory possibilities both within the academy and in the social world beyond. Countering Colorblindness transcends the institutional and discursive boundaries that contain racial knowledge in multiple ways. The project is first and foremost transdisciplinary. The story it tells about the foundations of racial hierarchy and its contemporary disavowals across the university — in particular the traveling and uptake of particular orientations toward race between disciplines — can only become fully legible through the aggregated sum of its disciplinary parts. One cannot, for example, understand the narrowed ways in which racism has come to be imagined within law as the bigotry of specific individuals without engaging similar containments within sociology, social psychology, and the like.
Countering Colorblindness, however, transcends not only boundaries within the university, but boundaries between the university and civil society more broadly. The contemporary social conditions shaped by histories of white supremacy — education, health, criminal justice, employment, housing — are linked to the construction and disavowal of race within the academic disciplines themselves. Most institutions are now formally organized around the untested assumption that colorblindness is the exclusive measure of a fair and just organizational practice, an assumption that is predicated on and enabled by the privileging of colorblind solutions to color-bound problems within scholarly disciplines. Questions of racial discrimination, inequity, and injustice are typically framed as problematic only to the extent that the troubling conditions can be attributed to contraventions against the colorblind ideal. This resort to colorblindness is not solely an institutional-level response. As Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's work has long documented, individuals now defend themselves against the slightest intimation that their preferences or decisions might be racially inflected with the all-purpose disclaimer that they neither see race nor take it into account.
As a political project, colorblindness derives from a seeming naturalness and inevitability. It resonates with time-honored practices and ideals in Western thought and social relations. A long history of artistic expression and humanities scholarship has grounded aspirations for social justice in the elision of difference. The market subject of classical capitalist theory, the citizen subject of liberalism — and even the universal worker of Marxism and the universal woman of feminism — all rest upon an ideal of interchangeability wherein differences are said not to matter. These traditions teach that similarity should trump difference; that beneath the surface the appearance of "otherness" masks a common human condition.
Although many humane and egalitarian projects in history have been based on humanist concepts of liberal interchangeability, contemporary scholars have raised questions about the dangers of ignoring fundamental differences, particularly distinctions linked to social position, vulnerability, and power. While conceding that all of our fates are linked and acknowledging the sordid histories of parochial particularism, these scholars contend that some important differences do not disappear simply by affirming sameness. Furthermore, the identities celebrated as universal by the standards of humanism and liberalism are almost always actually dominant particulars masquerading as universals. Indeed, the abstract assertions of human interchangeability in law, economics, and politics tend to serve as mechanisms for occluding the seemingly endless differentiations, inequalities, and injustices of existing social relations.
In postulating a common human experience, many great traditions in art, law, and politics celebrate the symbolic transcendence of difference without offering or even suggesting the need for access to equitable opportunities or conditions. In these settings, differences become contaminated with a menacing otherness, an otherness that threatens the promise of an ideal egalitarian future. People with problems thus become identified as problems; and the members of groups who object to social inequality then become castigated for calling attention to differences that matter in their lives.
These perspectives make colorblindness seem a laudable goal. They make it appear as though the solution to vexing problems of difference is to simply stop acknowledging such differences. In this way, they cover over embodied inequalities with a disembodied universalism. Perhaps most importantly, they locate questions of social justice in a stark choice between egalitarian universalism on the one hand and a putatively parochial and prejudiced particularism on the other.
Against this deep philosophical background, today's colorblindness easily trumps race-conscious interventions as more appealing and ultimately morally just. As a consequence, efforts to sustain investment in race-conscious research and policy face an uphill battle. A telling example of the malaise that exists in social justice discourse can be found in the ineffective efforts of social justice advocates to push back against colorblindness with concepts and strategies that are at best anachronistic. Moreover, much of the policy that is the object of policy debates bows to the colorblind imperative in the final analysis. As the legal scholar Mark Golub explains, "Anti-racist criticism too often has been defined by the object of its critique, and so offers inadequate tools for resisting it. Even when it is rejected, that is, color-blindness discourse sets the terms of debate, defines normative goals, and limits the scope of legitimacy for alternative formulations of racial justice." In his exemplary research, however, Golub deploys careful, critical, and detailed analyses of landmark Supreme Court cases to reveal how the ideal of colorblindness as the default position for social justice actually functions as a color-conscious tool crafted to protect white preferences and privileges.
As colorblindness becomes increasingly entrenched as the common denominator in efforts to deny and transcend racial power, the parameters of racial discourse between the university and the general public reveal an interdependent relationship that is far closer than scholars often acknowledge. Colorblindness operates as the default intellectual and ethical position for racial justice in many corners of the academy and in public policy, imposing profound limitations on scholars, students, and the wider public. The compromised capacity of disciplines to respond effectively to the wide set of political, economic, and social problems that mark public life today demand new strategies that situate a critical understanding of race and racism at the center of knowledge production and public engagement.
Despite colorblindness's appearance as a commonsense value and practice, it is an idea sustained more by the repetition of its use and by the power of those who invoke it than by a firm basis in reality, research, theory, or for that matter, the Constitution. Indeed, scholars from a variety of disciplines have produced powerful studies that contest its viability as a definitive determinant of social justice. This research disproves some of the central claims made for colorblindness, and casts considerable doubt about how a future wrapped around this ideal will unfold.
Yet even apart from this research, colorblindness at the most basic level mobilizes a metaphor of visual impairment to embrace a simplistic and misleading affirmation of racial egalitarianism. Its emphasis on color imagines racism to be an individualistic aversion to another person's pigment rather than a systemic skewing of opportunities, resources, and life chances along racial lines. The blindness part of the metaphor presumes that visually impaired people are incapable of racial recognition and that recognition itself is the problem that racism presents. Yet as the research of Osagie K. Obasogie establishes, visually impaired people hold the same understandings of race that sighted people possess. They are neither more nor less likely to engage in racist judgments. Moreover, visually impaired people who are white enjoy the unfair gains, unjust enrichments, and unearned status of whiteness, while those who are people of color experience the artificial, arbitrary, and irrational impediments caused by racism and social prejudices against disability. Not only must the logic and salience of colorblindness as a metaphor be rejected, but so must the presumptions about normativity and disability that underwrite it.
Given the slender reed upon which the weighty denial of racial power rests, one might think that a powerful antidote to the widespread use of colorblindness might arise fully activated from the knowledge-producing industry. But despite the depth of scholarly understanding about the inadequacies of colorblindness as a theory, policy, cognitive possibility, or constitutional principle, this canon has gained little traction in efforts to draw attention to the racist realities that the colorblind perspective works to obscure. Consequently, the wealth of information produced in the academy pertaining to race — historical, economic, sociological, psychological, literary, and legal — has yet to converge into a coherent commonsense understanding of the world that we live in. Indeed, far from countering colorblindness, the prevailing practices around which privileged knowledge is produced and authorized operate to enhance the stabilizing dimensions of colorblind discourse. Thus, countering colorblindness requires an interrogation into the disciplinary, cultural, and historical dynamics that sustain a disaggregated, partial, and parochial knowledge base about one of the most vexing societal problems of our time.
The failure of the disciplines to produce a collective accounting of the realities of race in contemporary society occludes the more fundamental indictment upon which countering colorblindness rests. Behind the colorblind façade of the existing disciplines is the historical role that knowledge production has played in creating and fortifying racial projects ranging from slavery and segregation to imperialism and genocide. Historically situated against this backdrop, colorblindness thus becomes a series of moves and investments that conceal the fingerprints of the university in constructing the very conditions that colorblind frameworks refuse to name.
SEEING AND UNSEEING RACE IN THE ACADEMY
Every established discipline in the academy has an origin that entails engagement and complicity with white supremacy. In the age of conquest, colonization, Indigenous dispossession, and empire, Europeans' vexed confrontations with peoples from Africa, Asia, and Latin America whom they perceived to be "other" gave rise to anthropology's interest in "primitive" civilizations and geography's impetus to map the world. Scholars of philosophy, history, sociology, political science, and economics turned to biology in explaining how and why European empires came to dominate the world, attributing that dominance to evolution and "the survival of the fittest" instead of systematically investigating the brutality of conquest and the cruelties of expropriation and exploitation. Invocations of biological difference imbued racism with a seemingly scientific inevitability, positioning whites as the winners in a fair struggle while displacing people of color from the realm of history and positioning them in the domain of nature. This displacement provided the organizing logic for the seemingly endless depictions of monstrous uncivilized primitives in Euro-American literature, painting, theater, and film.
The social sciences took form as nomothetic enterprises committed to discovering general scientific laws governing social structure and organization. This search for general laws through discrete and particular methods of study tended to disaggregate the unified totality of social relations into detached and disconnected practices. The binary opposition between race and class, for example, presumes a racial system that is not classed and a class system that is not raced. Moreover, this search for "universal" principles in sociology, political science, history, and economics was conducted almost exclusively in just five nations — Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, and the United States — and the practices dominant in those places were judged to be applicable to all of humanity. The search for a putatively authentic human culture in populations presumed to be previously untouched by European contact led ethnographers to position the Indigenous and colonized people they studied in Africa, Asia, and the Americas as "people without history" rather than coinhabitants of the modern world. This denial positioned Europe as the center of modern progress while viewing inhabitants of the global south as premodern and therefore rationally and ontologically deficient. Political science and sociology came into being as managerial sciences promising to promote the efficient and orderly administration of nations and empires while providing mechanisms for controlling the social discontent and discord that they attributed to people characterized as different, deviant, delinquent, defective, or dependent.
For example, Robert Vitalis demonstrates that the formation of International Relations as a scholarly field in the early twentieth century was intimately tied to U.S. expansion and imperialism. Columbia's John Burgess, considered one of the founders of the field, stated plainly that "American Indians, Asiatics and Africans cannot properly form any active, directive part of the political population which shall be able to produce modern political institutions." After the U.S. military helped to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy in 1894, the new provisional government appealed to Burgess seeking his counsel in establishing a new "republican government." Burgess replied: "I understand your problem to be the construction of a constitution which will place the government in the hands of the Teutons, and preserve it there, at least for the present." Burgess then offered a series of recommendations related to representation and voting requirements in order to sustain white rule in Hawaii. Perhaps not surprisingly, the discipline's first scholarly journal was titled the Journal of Race Development. Published continuously since 1910, it was renamed Foreign Affairs in 1922, the title it carries today. Academics like Burgess and many of his contemporaries, including historian Lothrop Stoddard and naturalist Madison Grant, played central roles in elaborating the white supremacist commitments of U.S. immigration and foreign policy across the twentieth century.
(Continues...) Excerpted from Seeing Race Again by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez Hosang, George Lipsitz. Copyright © 2019 The Regents of the University of California. Excerpted by permission of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS.
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