5.5 Chemical and Physical Properties of Elements and Compounds -- 5.6 Genomics and Proteomics -- 5.7 Meteorology -- 5.8 Combining Data and Graphics -- 5.9 Geodata -- 5.10 Some Recommendations -- 5.11 Additional Resources -- 6. Probability and Statistics -- 6.1 The Latest Features -- 6.2 Statistics Data -- 6.3 Probability Distributions -- 6.4 Application: Fitting Experimental Data -- 6.5 Time Series Analysis -- 6.6 Cluster Analysis -- 6.7 Stochastic Processes -- 6.8 Reliability and Survival Analysis -- 6.9 R Integration with RLink -- 6.10 Application: Predicting Outputs Using Machine Learning Methods -- 6.11 Application: Development of a Package for Quality Control -- 6.12 Additional Resources -- 7. Calculating [pi] and Other Mathematical Tales -- 7.1 The Origins of [pi] -- 7.2 Archimedes' Approximation -- 7.3 [pi] with More Than One Billion Decimals -- 7.4 Buffon's Method -- 7.5 Application: Are the Decimal Digits of [pi] Random? -- 7.6 The Strange Connection -- 7.7 The Riemann Hypothesis -- 7.8 Additional Resources -- 8. Looking at the Sky -- 8.1 A Short Astronomical Walk -- 8.2 Stargazing -- 8.3 Application: Determining the Color of the Stars -- 8.4 The Measurement of Distances Across the Universe -- 8.5 Application: Binary Systems and the Search for Extrasolar Planets -- 8.6 Light Curves -- 8.7 Additional Resources -- 9. Nuclei and Radiations -- 9.1 What are Isotopes? -- 9.2 Decay Constants, Decay Periods and Half-Lives -- 9.3 Decay Chains -- 9.4 Application: Modeling the Evolution of a Chain of Isotopes Over Time -- 9.5 Application: Dating the History of Humankind -- 9.6 Application: Calculating Binding Energies -- 9.7 Additional Resources -- 10. Modeling: Applications in Biokinetics -- 10.1 Compartmental and Physiological Modeling -- 10.2 Application: Fitting a Model -- 10.3 Optimal Experimental Designs (OED) -- 10.4 Biokmod: Applications to ICRP Models