22 Realism and Antirealism -- Introduction -- 1 Should We Believe What Social Science Tells Us? -- 1.1 The Explanatory Argument -- 1.2 Explanatory Pessimism -- 1.3 Fictionalism -- 2 Are Social Groups Real? -- 2.1 Eliminativism -- 2.2 Reductionism -- 3 Can Things be Real and "Constructed"? -- 3.1 Kinds of Dependence -- 3.2 Objectivity -- 4 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- 23 Critical Realism -- Introduction -- Post-Positivist Naturalism -- Emergence and Morphogenesis -- Is the Structure-Agency Problem a Real Problem? -- Two Critiques of the Critical Realist Solution to the Structure-Agency Problem -- The Role of Criticism -- References -- 24 Objectivity -- 1 Received Views and Issues Redressed -- 1.1 Objectivity and Man-Made Facts -- 1.2 Do Values Detract from Objectivity? -- 2 From Theory to Practice -- 2.1 The Objectivity of 'Evidence-Based' Policy -- 2.2 Is Expert Judgment Objective? -- Notes -- References -- Part III Debates -- 25 Are There Social Scientific Laws? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regularity Plus X -- 2.1 Systems -- 2.2 Universals -- 2.3 Induction -- 2.4 Causality -- 3 Qualified Regularities -- 3.1 Ceteris Paribus Laws -- 3.2 Causal Tendencies -- 4 In Favor of Tendency Laws -- 5 Are There Social Scientific Laws? -- 6 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 26 Behavioral Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Elements of Behavioral Economics -- 3 Hyperbolic Discounting -- 4 Nudge -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 27 Machine Epistemology and Big Data -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- Notes -- References -- 28 Evolutionary Psychology -- Introduction -- Evolutionary Psychology's Research Program -- Debates about Evolutionary Psychology -- Evolutionary Psychology and Human Nature -- Evolutionary Psychology and Adaptationism -- Alternate Evolutionary Hypotheses about the Origin of Mindreading -- Conclusion -- References